Diritti dell'uomo ed etica della cooperazione internazionale

President François Hollande said he will invoke the European Union's ‘mutual defence clause’ for the first time to combat the perpetrators of the Paris attacks, betting on EU support over NATO in the country's fight against the Islamic State. Speaking on Monday (16 November) during a joint session of both houses of parliament in Versailles, Hollande said that "France is at war" and that the jihadist group is “not only an enemy of France but an enemy of Europe”. Following the killing of 129 people on Friday (13 November), Hollande said that France is committed to “destroying” the Islamic State. >>Read: La France veut mettre fin à l’attentisme des autres pays européens à l’international In a surprise move, he told lawmakers that France will invoke article 42.7 of the EU Treaty during a meeting of EU defence ministers on Tuesday (17 November). The article “provides that when a state is attacked, all member states must bring their solidarity to address the aggression”, Hollande reminded. Federica Mogherini, the EU's High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, told reporters in Brussels shortly after Hollande's speech that the activation of this clause “is possible, but it is not decided yet”. “We will take a careful look at this to come up with a follow-up to that,” Mogherini said, adding that discussions with French authorities on how to proceed will take place ahead of the Defence Council. The French did not signal their intention to invoke the clause during a Foreign Affairs ministers meeting on Monday (16 November), Mogherini said, although she was previously informed by the French representative of their intention. Intergovernmental solution The French president was careful to call for article 42.7 instead of the article 222 of the EU Treaty (the so-called ‘solidarity clause’). While the latter paves the way for a greater involvement of the EU institutions, the former is rather an intergovernmental solution that allows Paris to play a greater role. Furthermore, due to the strict wording of article 222, an EU official considered “unlikely” that France would call for the activation of this legal provision. Although the ‘solidarity clause’ was included in the EU treaty precisely in relation to terrorism, it requires that the affected member state has exploited all the “means and tools” at national and EU level, and “considers that the situation overwhelms its response capacity”. It is remarkable that France turned to the EU treaties insted of the North Atlantic pact and its Article 5. The priority given to the EU's backing instead of NATO echoes France's longstanding support for an autonomous European defence policy without interference from Washington. It could also become a crucial test of how the EU and NATO coordinate in case of a threat on European soil. >>Read: Paris attacks give EU leaders excuse to get tough on refugees Article 42.7 stipulates that, once it is triggered, the commitments and cooperation in this field “shall be consistent with commitments under the NATO, which, for those States which are members of it, remains the foundation of their collective defence and the forum for its implementation". No article 5 in sight The Secretary General of NATO, Jens Stoltenberg, will attend the Defence Council on Tuesday. Although Hollande hinted at the possibility of requesting NATO’s backing during his speech, experts and military sources consulted by EurActiv were sceptical about the activation of Article 5. This provision was only used in the wake of the 11 September. France “would have requested that already”, a senior military source said on condition of anonymity. He underlined that “practically” most of the allies are involved in one way or another in fighting IS in Syria and Iraq. He also noted that the differences in the magnitude of the death toll between the Paris and US attacks. “3,000 deaths are not the same as 130," he commented. Another military source added that, despite the brutality of the events on Friday evening, the atmosphere is “quite different” compared to 2001. In his view, France could rely on additional bilateral support from NATO allies to scale up its campaign against the jihadist organisation. Sven Biscop, Director of the ‘Europe in the World’ programme at the Egmont Institute said that both NATO’s article 5 and the EU’s article 222 would have “mostly a symbolic value” as military operations against the islamic State were already ongoing. Mostly, it could serve to legitimise France's bombing operations in Syria by giving it a legal basis. But the move is unlikely to increase Europe's overall military presence. “I would not escalate our military role, certainly not through NATO. Instead I would accelerate talks with Russia, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, to create a ceasefire on all other fronts and to focus all operations on IS, with ground troops from the region only, and air support from outside actors,” Biscop said. The strongest call to activate Article 5 has come so far from the other side of the Atlantic. Republican Senator and presidential candidate Marco Rubio said in an interview over the weekend that the Paris attacks were “clearly an act of war and an attack on one of our NATO allies, and we should invoke Article 5 of the NATO agreement, and bring everyone together to put together a coalition to confront this challenge”. Meanwhile, a greater involvement by either the EU or NATO in the fight against IS could alienate the Eastern European states, who are more concerned about Russia's military build up on the EU's Eastern border.